Loneliness and fearfulness are associated with non-fatal drug overdose among people who inject drugs.

BACKGROUND: People who inject drugs (PWID) experience high rates of drug overdose death with the risk of mortality increasing after each non-fatal event. Racial differences exist in drug overdose rates, with higher rates among Black people who use drugs. Psychological factors may predict drug overdose. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from a survey administered to PWID in Baltimore, MD enrolled in a social network-based intervention were analyzed. Linear regression methods with generalized estimating equations were used to analyze data from indexes and network members to assess for psychological factors significantly associated with self-reported number of lifetime drug overdoses. Factors associated with number of overdoses were assessed separately by race. RESULTS: Among 111 PWID enrolled between January 2018 and January 2019, 25.2% were female, 65.7% were Black, 98.2% reported use of substances in addition to opioids, and the mean age was 49.0 ± 8.3 years. Seventy-five individuals (67.6%) had a history of any overdose with a mean of 5.0 ± 9.7 lifetime overdoses reported. Reports of feeling fearful (ß = 9.74, P = 0.001) or feeling lonely all of the time (ß = 5.62, P = 0.033) were independently associated with number of drug overdoses. In analyses disaggregated by race, only the most severe degree of fearfulness or loneliness was associated with overdose among Black participants, whereas among White participants, any degree of fearfulness or loneliness was associated with overdose. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of PWID loneliness and fearfulness were significantly related to the number of reported overdose events. These factors could be targeted in future interventions.

Exploring trauma and wellbeing of people who use drugs after witnessing overdose: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: The national overdose crisis is often quantified by overdose deaths, but understanding the traumatic impact for those who witness and respond to overdoses can help elucidate mental health needs and opportunities for intervention for this population. Many who respond to overdoses are people who use drugs. This study adds to the literature on how people who use drugs qualitatively experience trauma resulting from witnessing and responding to overdose, through the lens of the Trauma-Informed Theory of Individual Health Behavior. METHODS: We conducted 60-min semi-structured, in-depth phone interviews. Participants were recruited from six states and Washington, DC in March-April 2022. Participants included 17 individuals who witnessed overdose(s) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The interview guide was shaped by theories of trauma. The codebook was developed using a priori codes from the interview guide; inductive codes were added during content analysis. Transcripts were coded using ATLAS.ti. RESULTS: A vast majority reported trauma from witnessing overdoses. Participants reported that the severity of trauma varied by contextual factors such as the closeness of the relationship to the person overdosing or whether the event was their first experience witnessing an overdose. Participants often described symptoms of trauma including rumination, guilt, and hypervigilance. Some reported normalization of witnessing overdoses due to how common overdoses were, while some acknowledged overdoses will never be "normal." The impacts of witnessing overdose on drug use behaviors varied from riskier substance use to increased motivation for treatment and safer drug use practices. CONCLUSION: Recognizing the traumatic impact of witnessed overdoses is key to effectively addressing the full range of sequelae of the overdose crisis. Trauma-informed approaches should be central for service providers when they approach this subject with clients, with awareness of how normalization can reduce help-seeking behaviors and the need for psychological aftercare. We found increased motivation for behavior change after witnessing, which presents opportunity for intervention.

Years of life lost due to deaths of despair and COVID-19 in the United States in 2020: patterns of excess mortality by gender, race and ethnicity.

BACKGROUND: In 2020 COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death in the United States. Increases in suicides, overdoses, and alcohol related deaths were seen-which make up deaths of despair. How deaths of despair compare to COVID-19 across racial, ethnic, and gender subpopulations is relatively unknown. Preliminary studies showed inequalities in COVID-19 mortality for Black and Hispanic Americans in the pandemic's onset. This study analyzes the racial, ethnic and gender disparities in years of life lost due to COVID-19 and deaths of despair (suicide, overdose, and alcohol deaths) in 2020. METHODS: This cross-sectional study calculated and compared years of life lost (YLL) due to Deaths of Despair and COVID-19 by gender, race, and ethnicity. YLL was calculated using the CDC WONDER database to pull death records based on ICD-10 codes and the Social Security Administration Period Life Table was used to get estimated life expectancy for each subpopulation. RESULTS: In 2020, COVID-19 caused 350,831 deaths and 4,405,699 YLL. By contrast, deaths of despair contributed to 178,598 deaths and 6,045,819 YLL. Men had more deaths and YLL than women due to COVID-19 and deaths of despair. Among White Americans and more than one race identification both had greater burden of deaths of despair YLL than COVID-19 YLL. However, for all other racial categories (Native American/Alaskan Native, Asian, Black/African American, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander) COVID-19 caused more YLL than deaths of despair. Also, Hispanic or Latino persons had disproportionately higher mortality across all causes: COVID-19 and all deaths of despair causes. CONCLUSIONS: This study found greater deaths of despair mortality burden and differences in burden across gender, race, and ethnicity in 2020. The results indicate the need to bolster behavioral health research, support mental health workforce development and education, increase access to evidence-based substance use treatment, and address systemic inequities and social determinants of deaths of despair and COVID-19.

Are People Who Die by Intentional Medication Poisoning Dispensed Those Medications in the Year Prior to Death?

OBJECTIVE: The rate of suicidal poisoning in the United States has increased substantially over the past 20 years. Understanding whether prescription medications used for self-poisoning were recently dispensed would help inform suicide prevention efforts. Alternatively, medications for self-poisoning could have been formerly dispensed or collected from friends, family, or illicit sources. METHODS: Among those who died by intentional opioid and psychotropic poisonings, we conducted a descriptive study to determine what proportion had a recently filled prescription that could have been the means of suicide. Subjects were all people who died by intentional poisoning across nine health-care systems within the NIH-funded Mental Health Research Network. RESULTS: Among the 3,300 people who died by suicide, 700 died by any poisoning and 194 died by intentional opioid or psychotropic/hypnotic medication poisoning. Among those who died by intentional opioid poisoning 73% were dispensed an opioid in the year prior. Among those who died by intentional psychotropic/hypnotic poisoning, 83% were dispensed any psychotropic and 61% were dispensed a hypnotic in prior year. Most people were continuously dispensed the same medications used in their intentional poisonings in the year prior to death. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that most medications used in suicidal overdose were likely recently dispensed. Therefore, future suicide prevention studies and prevention resources should focus on medication safety interventions such as lethal-means counseling for medication access, limiting quantities dispensed, opioid antagonists, and blister packs. HIGHLIGHTSUnderstanding whether medications used for self-poisoning were recently dispensed or formerly/never dispensed would help inform future studies and suicide prevention efforts.We found that most people who died by intentional poisoning with opioids or psychotropic/hypnotic medications received frequent dispensings of the medication used for self-poisoning in the year prior to death.Future suicide prevention studies and efforts should focus on medication safety interventions such as lethal-means counseling for medication access, limiting quantities dispensed, opioid antagonists, and blister packs.

"It's my frenemy": A qualitative exploration of knowledge and perceptions of fentanyl use during the COVID-19 pandemic in people who use drugs at a syringe services program in Philadelphia, PA.

Background: Exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the proliferation of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, overdose deaths have surged in the United States, making it important to understand how individuals who use drugs experience and perceive the risks of fentanyl use and how it has changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Twenty clients from a Philadelphia syringe services program completed a questionnaire and in-depth interview about their fentanyl experiences from January to March 2021. These interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis methods. Results: Sixty percent of participants were female and racial/ethnic minority. Participants indicated they believed fentanyl use accounted for most Philadelphia opioid-related overdoses and understood that fentanyl was different from other opioids. Fentanyl use was characterized as "all-consuming" by taking over lives and inescapable. While most perceived their risk of fentanyl overdose as high, there was low interest in and reported use of harm reduction strategies such as fentanyl test strips. The COVID-19 pandemic was noted to have negative effects on fentanyl availability, use and overdose risk, as well as mental health effects that increase drug use. Conclusions: The divide between perceived risk and uptake of protective strategies could be driven by diminished self-efficacy as it relates to acting on and engaging with resources available at the syringe services program and represents a potential intervention target for harm reduction intervention uptake. But the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated risks due to fentanyl use, making an effective, accessible, and well-timed intervention important to address the disconnect between perceived overdose risk and use of preventive behaviors.

Emotional reactions of trained overdose responders who use opioids following intervention in an overdose event.

Background: Our aim was to explore emotional reactions to intervening in an overdose event from the perspective of individuals who use opioids (peer responders). In addition, we were interested in the impact this experience may have on peer responders' feelings about helping in an overdose situation in the future. Methods: For this qualitative sub-study of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), data from 61 interviews were analyzed thematically using an inductive approach. Results: Peer responders had diverse emotional reactions to the overdose event. These ranged from a sense of pride and other positive feelings associated with their ability to help to ambivalence about being involved in situations perceived as challenging and burdensome. There were few reports of the overdose event as an exclusively negative experience. Many peer responders perceived it as their duty to use naloxone again if required. However, some had ambivalent feelings toward this responsibility, which may be related to negative experiences with previous intervention efforts. Conclusions: The capacity of people who use opioids to help reduce the harms associated with opioid overdose is experienced as empowering by some. Nonetheless, engaging peer responders in strategies to reduce opioid-related mortality should be coupled with appropriate resources to process their experiences and emotional responses.

Risk of Overdose Associated With Co-prescription of Antipsychotics and Opioids: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

The US FDA issued a black-box warning against co-prescription of antipsychotic (AP) agents and opioids due to the risk of respiratory depression, but evidence on the comparative safety of sedating vs nonsedating APs is lacking. We classified APs as sedating (eg, quetiapine, olanzapine, and chlorpromazine) and nonsedating (eg, aripiprazole, haloperidol, and risperidone) based on their affinity to the histamine-1 neuroreceptor (Ki < or ≥20, respectively) and sought to compare the rate of overdose between patients using sedating vs nonsedating APs plus opioids. We constructed a population-based cohort nested in the IBM MarketScan database (2004-2017). Patients with concomitant use of sedating APs and prescription opioids ("exposed") were 1:1 matched to patients with concomitant use of nonsedating APs and prescription opioids ("referent") based on the propensity score (PS). The primary outcome was any hospitalization or emergency department visit due to an overdose within 30 days. The final cohort comprised 62 604 exposed and an equal number of PS-matched reference patients. Characteristics of matched exposed and reference patients were similar. There were 178 overdose events among the exposed (35.3 events per 1000 person-years [PY]) vs 133 among the reference group (26.4 events per 1000 PY), for an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.07-1.68). This finding was consistent across sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Among patients receiving prescription opioids, concomitant use of sedating APs was associated with an increased risk of overdose compared with nonsedating APs. Caution is required when co-prescribing opioids and APs. If co-prescription is needed, choosing a nonsedating agent should be preferred whenever possible given the clinical context.

The discounting of death: Probability discounting of heroin use by fatal overdose likelihood and drug purity.

As fatal overdoses from synthetic opioids continue to rise, we need to understand decision-making processes underlying heroin and synthetic opioid use. This study evaluated the influence of sample impurity and fatal overdose risk on hypothetical heroin use. Individuals who currently use heroin (n = 69) were recruited online. Participants completed two probability-discounting tasks evaluating the likelihood of using a sample of heroin based on the likelihood of sample impurity and likelihood of fatal overdose, where greater discounting represented reduced use likelihood. Prior to completing the probability-discounting tasks, participants were randomized to read one of four prompts varying by the presence of information on heroin effects and active (e.g., fentanyl) or inert impurities. Influence of prompts on discounting processes and associations among probability-discounting measures, opioid use behaviors, and dependence severity were evaluated. Heroin use likelihood decreased with increased impurity or overdose risk and in a generally orderly fashion. Discounting was greater (i.e., reduced heroin use likelihood) when overdose risk, compared to sample impurity, was manipulated. Less discounting was associated with more severe opioid dependence. Discounting did not differ among prompts for either task. Individuals might adjust their heroin-use behavior to reduce harm with risk-related information. Greater discounting elicited by overdose relative to impurity risk suggests that equating adulteration and overdose risk is essential for harm reduction. Expanded access to drug checking services, which inform impurity and overdose risk, can reduce fatal overdoses. Due to fear of legal sanctions for these services, legislation and judicial decisions should explicitly protect these services. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Exploration of Overdose Risk Score and Postoperative Complications and Health Care Use After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Importance: The adverse outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) associated with preoperative prescription drug use (ie, use of narcotics, sedatives, and stimulants) have been established but are not well quantified. Objective: To test the association of preoperative overdose risk score (ORS) with postoperative health care use. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was conducted using data on a consecutive sample of individuals who underwent primary TKA from November 2018 through March 2020 at a tertiary care health system. Data were collected using the Orthopaedic Minimal Data Set Episode of Care, a validated data-collection system for all elective orthopedic surgical interventions taking place within the health care system. Outcomes were assessed at 90 days postoperatively. Individuals whose preoperative baseline characteristics or ORS were not provided or who declined to participate were excluded. Data were analyzed from September through October 2020. Exposure: Patient-specific preoperative ORS, as measured using NarxCare, associated with patterns of prescription drug use. Main Outcomes and Measures: Associations between patient-specific ORS categories and 90-day postoperative health care use (ie, prolonged hospital length of stay [LOS; ie, >2 days], nonhome discharge, all-cause 90-day readmission, emergency department [ED] visits, and reoperation) were evaluated. Outcomes were also compared between a group of individuals with ORS less than 300 vs those with ORS 300 or greater who were propensity score matched (4:1; caliper, 0.1) using demographic characteristics (ie, age, sex, race, body mass index, and smoking status) and baseline comorbidities. Results: Among 4326 individuals who underwent primary TKA, 2623 (60.63%) were women, 3602 individuals (83.26%) were White, the mean (SD) BMI was 32.8 (6.9), and the mean (SD) age was 66.6 (9.2) years; 90-day follow-up was available for the entire cohort. The predominant preoperative diagnosis was osteoarthritis, occurring among 4170 individuals (96.4%). For individuals with an ORS of 300 to 399, there were significantly higher odds of a prolonged LOS (odds ratio [OR], 2.03; 95% CI, 1.46-2.82; P < .001), nonhome discharge (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.37-2.94; P < .001), all-cause 90-day readmission (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.01-2.42; P < .001), and ED visits (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.11-2.38; P = .01) compared with individuals who were prescription drug naive (ie, ORS = 0). Individuals in the highest ORS category (ie, ORS ≥ 500) had the highest ORs for prolonged LOS (OR, 3.71; 95% CI, 2.00-6.87; P < .001), nonhome discharge (OR, 4.09; 95% CI, 2.02-8.29; P < .001), 90-day readmission (OR, 4.41; 95% CI, 2.23-8.71; P < .001), and 90-day reoperation (OR, 6.09; 95% CI, 1.44-25.80; P = .01). Propensity score matching confirmed the association between an ORS of 300 or greater and the incidence of prolonged LOS (244 individuals [11.6%] vs 130 individuals [23.0%]; P < .001), nonhome discharge (176 individuals [8.4%] vs 93 individuals [16.4%]; P < .001), all-cause 90-day readmission (119 individuals [5.7%] vs 65 individuals [11.5%]; P < .001), and all-cause ED visits (198 individuals [9.4%] vs 76 individuals [13.4%]; P = .006). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that higher ORS was associated with increased health care use after primary TKA. These findings suggest that an ORS of 300 or greater could be used to designate increased risk and guide the preoperative surgeon-patient discussion to modify prescription drug use patterns.

Factors Associated With Calling 911 for an Overdose: An Ethnographic Decision Tree Modeling Approach.

Objectives. To identify factors that influence when people who use drugs (PWUDs) call 911 for an overdose. Methods. We conducted 45 qualitative interviews and 180 surveys with PWUDs who had recently witnessed overdoses in Southern California from 2017 to 2019. We used conditional inference tree and random forest models to generate and validate a model to predict whether 911 would be called. Results. Our model had good in- (83%) and out-of-sample (84%) predictive accuracy. Three aspects of the social and policy environment influenced calling 911 for an overdose: the effectiveness of response strategies employed, the behavior of other bystanders, and whether the responder believes it is their responsibility to call. Conclusions. Even in the presence of policies that provide some protections, PWUDs are faced with difficult decisions about calling 911 and must weigh their own safety against that of an overdose victim. Potential interventions include strengthening training and safety planning for PWUDs, bolstering protections for PWUDs when they call 911, and separating law enforcement response from emergency medical response to overdoses.

The Pandemic's Secondary Statistics.

Although accurate secondary statistics may never be known, the COVID-19 pandemic has certainly been a major contributor to several health care issues: social isolation/loneliness, behavioral sequelae (anxiety, drug overdoses, and suicide), delays in treating preventive care that lead to late-stage diagnoses, and even a resurgence of drug-resistant infections.

Trends in overdose experiences and prevention behaviors among people who use opioids in Baltimore, MD, 2017-2019.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about trends in overdose behaviors. This study explored non-fatal overdose and engagement in overdose prevention behaviors and compared these trends to city-wide overdose fatality rates from 2017 to 2019 in Baltimore, MD. METHODS: The analysis included people who used opioids (PWUO; N = 502) recruited through a community-based study. Enrollment date was used to categorize participants into annual quarters. Logistic regression models examined change in overdose experiences and prevention behaviors with time. Baltimore's fatal overdoses were also mapped over the study period to assess overlaps in trends. RESULTS: The majority of the sample were male(68 %), Black(61 %), reported past 6 months homelessness(56 %), and were on average 45 years old. Most had witnessed(61 %), and 28 % had personally experienced an overdose in the past 6 months. Witnessing overdose marginally increased(aß = 0.182;p = 0.058) while experiencing overdose did not significantly change by enrollment quarter. Most participants had or had been prescribed naloxone(72 %), and one fifth(22 %) regularly carried naloxone, with both access to(aß = 0,408;p = 0.002) and carrying naloxone(aß = 0.302;p = 0.006) increasing over time. Overdose communication remained stable, with 63 % of participants reporting discussing overdose sometimes/often. Among participants who injected (n = 376), regularly injecting alone decreased(aß=-0.207;p = 0.055), and reporting others often/always having naloxone with them when injecting increased over time(aß = 0.573;p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Witnessed overdose marginally increased from 2017 to 2019, aligning with city trends of fatal overdose. Overdose prevention behaviors significantly increased over time. Despite reporting having naloxone or a naloxone prescription, most PWUO did not regularly carry naloxone, and many used alone. Social network diffusion interventions may be a strategy to promote normative overdose prevention behaviors.

Sex differences in US emergency department non-fatal visits for benzodiazepine poisonings in adolescents and young adults.

BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepine (BZD)-related overdose deaths have risen in the past decade and BZD misuse contributes to thousands of emergency department (ED) visits annually, with the highest rates in adolescents and young adults. Because there are gaps in understanding BZD poisoning in youth and whether differences occur by sex, we aimed to characterize BZD poisoning ED visits in young people by sex. METHODS: BZD poisoning visits were identified in the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, among adolescents (12-17 years) and young adults (18-29 years). Stratified by sex and age, we described ED visits for BZD poisonings in 2016, including poisoning intent, concurrent substances involved, and co-occurring mental health disorder diagnoses. With logistic regression we examined the association between intent and concurrent substance. RESULTS: There were approximately 38,000 BZD poisoning ED visits by young people nationwide with annual population rates per 10,000 of 2.9=adolescents and 5.8=young adults. Depression was diagnosed in 40 % of female and 23 % of male BZD visits (p < 0.01). Over half of BZD poisonings in females and a third in males were intentional (p < 0.01). Male BZD visits were more likely to involve opioids or cannabis and less likely to involve antidepressants than females (p-values<0.01). In males and females, BZD poisonings concurrent with antidepressants and other psychotropic medications were more likely to be intentional than unintentional (OR range:2.1-6.3). CONCLUSIONS: The high proportion of BZD poisonings that are intentional and include mental health disorder diagnoses, especially among young females, underscore the importance of ED mental health and suicide risk assessment with appropriate follow-up referral.

Medical needs of emergency department patients presenting with acute alcohol and drug intoxication.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Some contend that patients with acute alcohol or illicit substance intoxication should be treated in outpatient detoxification centers rather than in the ED. However, these patients often have underlying acute medical needs. We sought to determine the frequency of medical interventions required by ED patients with alcohol or illicit substance intoxication. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of consecutive ED patients presenting to an urban tertiary care ED with altered mental status due to alcohol or illicit substance use. We performed data collection for patients deemed to be low-risk for complications, as defined by receiving care in an intoxication observation unit. Trained staff observed and recorded all medical interventions, including medications administered, diagnostic testing, procedures performed, and airway interventions. The incidence of agitation was recorded using the Altered Mental Status Scale (AMSS, ordinal scale from -4 to +4, where +4 is most agitated). The data analysis is descriptive. RESULTS: This analysis included 2685 encounters (1645 unique patients; median age 39; 73% male) from January to May 2019. Average breath alcohol concentration was 0.20 g/dL (range 0.00-0.47). There were 89% encounters with alcohol intoxication, and in 17% encounters the patient was suspected or known to have drug intoxication (either alone or in conjunction with alcohol use). On arrival to the ED, 372 (14%) had agitation (AMSS +1 or higher) and 32 (1%) were profoundly agitated (AMSS +4). In total, 1526 (56%) received at least one intervention that could not be provided by a local detoxification or sobering facility. Of the study population, 955 (36%) received a sedating medication, 903 (34%) required physical restraints for patients or staff safety, 575 (21%) underwent imaging studies, 318 (12%) underwent laboratory testing, 367 (13%) received another intervention (IV access, EKG, splinting, wound care, etc). Additionally, 111 (4%) patients received an airway intervention (19 intubation, 23 nasal airway, 85 supplemental oxygen) and 275 (10%) required repositioning to protect the airway. There were 168 (6%) patients admitted to the hospital. CONCLUSION: In this population of relatively low-risk ED patients with drug and alcohol intoxication, a substantial proportion of patients received medical interventions.

Association of Cannabis Use With Self-harm and Mortality Risk Among Youths With Mood Disorders.

Importance: Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) are common among youths and young adults with mood disorders, but the association of CUD with self-harm, suicide, and overall mortality risk is poorly understood in this already vulnerable population. Objective: To examine associations of CUD with self-harm, suicide, and overall mortality risk in youths with mood disorders. Design, Setting, and Participants: A population-based retrospective cohort study was performed using Ohio Medicaid claims data linked with death certificate data. The analysis included 204 780 youths (aged 10-24 years) with a diagnosis of mood disorders between July 1, 2010, and December 31, 2017, who were followed up to 365 days from the index diagnostic claim until the end of enrollment, the self-harm event, or death. Statistical analysis was performed from April 4 to July 17, 2020. Exposure: Physician-diagnosed CUD defined using outpatient and inpatient claims from 180 days prior to the index mood disorder diagnostic claim through the 365-day follow-up period. Main Outcomes and Measures: Nonfatal self-harm, all-cause mortality, and deaths by suicide, unintentional overdose, motor vehicle crashes, and homicide. Marginal structural models using inverse probability weights examined associations between CUD and outcomes. Results: This study included 204 780 youths (133 081 female participants [65.0%]; mean [SD] age at the time of mood disorder diagnosis, 17.2 [4.10] years). Cannabis use disorder was documented for 10.3% of youths with mood disorders (n = 21 040) and was significantly associated with older age (14-18 years vs 10-13 years: adjusted risk ratio [ARR], 9.35; 95% CI, 8.57-10.19; and 19-24 years vs 10-13 years: ARR, 11.22; 95% CI, 10.27-12.26), male sex (ARR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.74-1.84), Black race (ARR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.35-1.44), bipolar or other mood disorders (bipolar disorders: ARR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.21-1.29; other mood disorders: ARR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.15-1.25), prior history of self-harm (ARR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.52-1.82), previous mental health outpatient visits (ARR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.22-1.30), psychiatric hospitalizations (ARR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.57-1.76), and mental health emergency department visits (ARR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.47-1.61). Cannabis use disorder was significantly associated with nonfatal self-harm (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 3.28; 95% CI, 2.55-4.22) and all-cause mortality (AHR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.13-2.24), including death by unintentional overdose (AHR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.39-4.16) and homicide (AHR, 3.23; 95% CI, 1.22-8.59). Although CUD was associated with suicide in the unadjusted model, it was not significantly associated in adjusted models. Conclusions and Relevance: Cannabis use disorder is a common comorbidity and risk marker for self-harm, all-cause mortality, and death by unintentional overdose and homicide among youths with mood disorders. These findings should be considered as states contemplate legalizing medical and recreational marijuana, both of which are associated with increased CUD.

"It's an emotional roller coaster But sometimes it's fucking awesome": Meaning and motivation of work for peers in overdose response environments in British Columbia.

BACKGROUND: The province of British Columbia (BC), Canada is amid dual public health emergencies in which the overdose epidemic declared in 2016 has been exacerbated by restrictions imposed by the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Experiential workers, commonly known as 'peers' (workers with past or present drug use experience) are at the forefront of overdose response initiatives and are essential in creating safe spaces for people who use drugs (PWUD) in harm reduction. Working in overdose response environments can be stressful, with lasting emotional and mental health effects. There is limited knowledge about the personal meaning that experiential workers derive from their work, which serve as motivators for them to take on these often-stressful roles. METHODS: This project used a community-based qualitative research design. The research was based at two organizations in BC. Eight experiential worker-led focus groups were conducted (n = 31) where participants spoke about their roles, positive aspects of their jobs, challenges they face, and support needs in harm reduction work. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using interpretative description to uncover the meaning derived from experiential work. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from focus group data that describe the meanings which serve as motivators for experiential workers to continue working in overdose response environments: (1) A sense of purpose from helping others; (2) Being an inspiration for others, and; (3) A sense of belonging. CONCLUSION: Despite the frequent hardships and loss that accompany overdose response work, experiential workers identified important aspects that give their work meaning. These aspects of their work may help to protect workers from the emotional harms associated with stressful work as well as the stigma of substance use. Recognizing the importance of experiential work and its role in the lives of PWUD can help inform and strengthen organizational supports.

Envisioning a future: Values clarification in early recovery from opioid use disorder.

High rates of relapse and overdose during early recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD) highlight the importance of providing effective treatment during this crucial phase. While early treatment often focuses on managing urges and withdrawal symptoms, eliciting personally salient motivators may help to target predictors of treatment outcomes such as motivation and self-efficacy. This experimental study examined the effect of a brief values clarification exercise on motivation and self-efficacy for abstinence in a sample of n = 93 individuals in brief residential treatment for OUD. Participants were randomly assigned to values clarification or a time management control condition exercise. Self-efficacy for abstinence as measured by a validated single-item measure was higher for participants in the values condition (M = 8.7) compared to control (M = 7.8, p = .013), while motivation for abstinence as measured by the commitment to sobriety scale was similarly high for both the values clarification (M = 28.0) and control (M = 27.8, p = .642) groups. There were no group differences in delay discounting, the theorized mediator of these relationships. Taken together, these results suggest that even a brief values clarification exercise may increase self-efficacy for abstinence when added to early residential treatment for OUD.

Clinical and epidemiological analysis of suicide attempts in children assisted by a poison control center / Análise clínica e epidemiológica das tentativas de suicídio em crianças atendidas em um centro de informação e assistência toxicológica

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess suicide attempts in children seeking care at a Poison Control Center. Methods: Cross-sectional study with children (<12 years old) that attempted suicide and were cared at the Poison Control Center in Londrina, Paraná, Southern Brazil, from April 1985 to December 2018. Results: We identified 59 children, most of them females (74.6%), who used only one product (77.9%). Among the products involved, medications were the most important ones (88.1%). Neurological/psychiatric/muscular manifestations (61.0%) were the main symptoms presented. The main reason identified for the suicide attempt was conflicts with family and/or friends (27.1%). Suicide attempts were more frequent in 2001-2003 and 2016-2018. Conclusions: Suicide attempts occurred mainly in female children with a single agent (mainly medications), and the main reason was family conflicts..

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as tentativas de suicídio em crianças atendidas em um Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica (CIATox-Londrina). Métodos: Estudo transversal com crianças (<12 anos) atendidas no CIATox-Londrina, Paraná, de abril/1985 a dezembro/2018, com tentativa de suicídio. Resultados: Identificaram-se 59 crianças, com predomínio do sexo feminino (74,6%) e com o uso de apenas um produto (77,9%). Entre os produtos envolvidos, destacaram-se os medicamentos (88,1%). As manifestações neurológicas/psíquicas/musculares (61,0%) foram os principais sintomas apresentados. O principal motivo identificado da tentativa de suicídio foram os conflitos com familiares e/ou amigos (27,1%). Houve maior frequência de tentativas de suicídio nos triênios 2001-2003 e 2016-2018. Conclusões: As tentativas de suicídio ocorreram predominantemente nas crianças do sexo feminino, com um único agente (em geral, medicamentos), em que o principal motivo foram os conflitos familiares, observando-se um aumento ao longo dos anos.